In ChemistRy!

Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent, far better than dioxygen. It is also unstable at high concentrations, decaying to ordinary diatomic oxygen (in about half an hour in atmospheric conditions):

2 O₃ → 3 O₂

This reaction proceeds more rapidly with increasing temperature and decreasing pressure. Deflagration of ozone can be triggered by a spark, and can occur in ozone concentrations of 10 wt% or higher.

Metals

Ozone will oxidize metals (except gold, platinum, and iridium) to oxides of the metals in their highest oxidation state:

2 Cu¹⁺_(aq) + 2 H₃O⁺_(aq) + O_3(g) → 2 Cu²⁺_(aq) + 3 H₂O_(l) + O_2(g)

Non-metals

Ozone also increases the oxidation number of oxides:

NO + O₃ → NO₂ + O₂

The above reaction the accompanied by chemiluminescence. The NO₂ can be further oxidized:

NO₂ + O₃ → NO₃ + O₂

The NO₃ formed can react with NO₂ to form N₂O₅:

NO₂ + NO₃ → N₂O₅

Ozone reacts with carbon to form carbon dioxide, even at room temperature:

C + 2 O₃ → CO₂ + 2 O₂

Ozone does not react with ammonium salts but it reacts with ammonia to form ammonium nitrate:

2 NH₃ + 4 O₃ → NH₄NO₃ + 4 O₂ + H₂O

Ozone reacts with sulfides to make sulfates:

PbS + 4 O₃ → PbSO₄ + 4 O₂

Sulfuric acid can be produced from ozone, starting either from elemental sulfur or from sulfur dioxide:

S + H₂O + O₃ → H₂SO₄

3 SO₂ + 3 H₂O + O₃ → 3 H₂SO₄

All three atoms of ozone may also react, as in the reaction with tin(II) chloride and hydrochloric acid and NaCl along with Ammonium Nitrate:

3 SnCl₂ + 6 HCl + O₃ → 3 SnCl₄ + 3 H₂O

In the gas phase, ozone reacts with hydrogen sulfide to form sulfur dioxide:

H₂S + O₃ → SO₂ + H₂O

In an aqueous solution, however, two competing simultaneous reactions occur, one to produce elemental sulfur, and one to produce sulfuric acid:

H₂S + O₃ → S + O₂ + H₂O

3 H₂S + 4 O₃ → 3 H₂SO₄

Iodine perchlorate can be made by treating iodine dissolved in cold anhydrous perchloric acid with ozone:

I₂ + 6 HClO₄ + O₃ → 2 I(ClO₄)₃ + 3 H₂O

Solid nitryl perchlorate can be made from NO₂, ClO₂, and O₃ gases:

2 NO₂ + 2 ClO₂ + 2 O₃ → 2 NO₂ClO₄ + O₂

Combustion

Ozone can be used for combustion reactions and combusting gases; ozone provides higher temperatures than combusting in dioxygen (O₂). The following is a reaction for the combustion of carbon subnitride which can also cause lower temperatures:

3 C₄N₂ + 4 O₃ → 12 CO + 3 N₂

Ozone can react at cryogenic temperatures. At 77 K (-196 °C), atomic hydrogen reacts with liquid ozone to form a hydrogen superoxide radical, which dimerizes:^[10]

H + O₃ → HO₂ + O

2 HO₂ → H₂O₄

Ozonides

Ozonides can be formed, which contain the ozonide anion, O₃^-. These compounds are explosive and must be stored at cryogenic temperatures. Ozonides for all the alkali metals are known. KO₃, RbO₃, and CsO₃ can be prepared from their respective superoxides:

KO₂ + O₃ → KO₃ + O₂

Although KO₃ can be formed as above, it can also be formed from potassium hydroxide and ozone:^[11]

2 KOH + 5 O₃ → 2 KO₃ + 5 O₂ + H₂O

NaO₃ and LiO₃ must be prepared by action of CsO₃ in liquid NH₃ on an ion exchange resin containing Na⁺ or Li⁺ ions:^[12]

CsO₃ + Na⁺ → Cs⁺ + NaO₃

Treatment with ozone of calcium dissolved in ammonia leads to ammonium ozonide and not calcium ozonide:^[13]

3 Ca + 10 NH₃ + 6 O₃ → Ca•6NH₃ + Ca(OH)₂ + Ca(NO₃)₂ + 2 NH₄O₃ + 2 O₂ + H₂

Applications

Ozone can be used to remove manganese from water, forming a precipitate which can be filtered:

2 Mn²⁺ + 2 O₃ + 4 H₂O → 2 MnO(OH)_{2 (s)} + 2 O₂ + 4 H⁺

Ozone will also turn cyanides to the one thousand times less toxic cyanates:

CN^- + O₃ → CNO^- + O₂

Finally, ozone will also completely decompose urea:^[14]

(NH₂)₂CO + O₃ → N₂ + CO₂ + 2 H₂O

Ozone in Earth’s atmosphere

The distribution of atmospheric ozone in partial pressure as a function of altitude.

Concentration of ozone as measured by the Nimbus-7 satellite.

Total ozone concentration in June 2000 as measured by EP-TOMS satellite instrument.

The standard way to express total ozone levels (the amount of ozone in a vertical column) in the atmosphere is by using Dobson units. Concentrations at a point are measured in parts per billion (ppb) or in μg/m³.

Ozone cracking

Ozone cracking in Natural rubber tubing

Ozone gas attacks any polymer possessing olefinic or double bonds within its chain structure, such materials including natural rubber, nitrile rubber, and Styrene-butadiene rubber. Products made using these polymers are especially susceptible to attack, which causes cracks to grow longer and deeper with time, the rate of crack growth depending on the load carried by the product and the concentration of ozone in the atmosphere. Such materials can be protected by adding antiozonants, such as waxes, which bond to the surface to create a protective film or blend with the material and provide long term protection. Ozone cracking used to be a serious problem in car tires for example, but the problem is now seen only in very old tires. On the other hand, many critical products like gaskets and O-rings may be attacked by ozone produced within compressed air systems. Fuel lines are often made from reinforced rubber tubing and may also be susceptible to attack, especially within engine compartments where low levels of ozone are produced from electrical equipment.

Laboratory production

In the laboratory, ozone can be produced by electrolysis using a 9 volt battery, a pencil graphite rod cathode, a platinum wire anode and a 3M sulfuric acid electrolyte.^[36] The half cell reactions taking place are

3 H₂O → O₃ + 6 H⁺ + 6 e⁻; ΔE^o = −1.53 V;

6 H⁺ + 6 e⁻ → 3 H₂; ΔE^o = 0 V;

2 H₂O → O₂ + 4 H⁺ + 4 e⁻; ΔE^o = −1.23 V;

so that in the net reaction three equivalents of water are converted into one equivalent of ozone and three equivalents of hydrogen. Oxygen formation is a competing reaction.

It can also be prepared by passing 10,000-20,000 volts DC through dry O₂. This can be done with an apparatus consisting of two concentric glass tubes sealed together at the top, with in and out spigots at the top and bottom of the outer tube. The inner core should have a length of metal foil inserted into it connected to one side of the power source. The other side of the power source should be connected to another piece of foil wrapped around the outer tube. Dry O₂ should be run through the tube in one spigot. As the O₂ is run through one spigot into the apparatus and 10,000-20,000 volts DC are applied to the foil leads, electricity will discharge between the dry dioxygen in the middle and form O₃ in O₂ out the other spigot. The reaction can be summarized as follows:

3 O₂ — electricity → 2 O₃

bY: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone

Pada tanggal 7 november 2008 yang lalu, tepatnya hari jumat, pada acara T-FOURTH yang diselenggarakan oleh Tarsisius II yang berlokasi di Jl. Batusari Raya. Pada pertandingan basket SMA Vireta melawan SMA Yadika , SMA Santa Maria melawan SMA Ketapang I dengan hasil 5 : 28, SMA Vianney lawan SMA Yasporbi, SMA Telkom melawan SMAN 78.
Pada tanggal 9 november 2008, tepatnya hari minggu, pada pertandingan futsal SMA Yadika I melawan SMAN 24 dengan hasil 2 : 4, dan tim B SMA Tarsisius II melawan SMA Muhammadiyah minggu lalu berlangsung dengan sengit, dengan hasil 2 vs 6 dengan kekalahan tim B SMA Tarsisius II selain itu tim A SMA Tarsisius II melawan SMA Viany jumat lalu berlangsung dengan sengit, dengan hasil 4 vs 2 dengan kemenangan SMA Tarsisius II.
Pada hari yang sama pertandingan basket tingkat SMP antara SMP Tiara Kasih melawan Barunawati dengan hasil 2: 48, SMP Tarsisius II dengan SMP SangTimur dengan hasil 10 : 23, SMA TarQ II melawan SMA Pelita I dengan hasil 23 : 16, SMA Abdi Siswa melawan SMA Kemurnian II dengan hasil 53 :  47, dan SMAN 65 melawan SMA Provi.

Nama : Darwin / 06

Kelas  : XII IPA

Novel Laskar Pelangi merupakan novel pertama karya Andrea Hirata, Laskar Pelangi merupakan sebuah karya Best Seller di pasaran Indonesia. Novel Laskar Pelangi memberi motivasi dan semangat yang mengkobar – kobar terhadap saya. Walaupun dalam Novel Laskar Pelangi terdapat sedikit bagian – bagian yang membesarkan atau tidak fakta, seperti penggunaan bahasa, apakah pada umur sd sampai smp sudah mengerti bahasa – bahasa latin dibenak mereka yang bahkan orang dewasa saja belum mengerti seperti apa yang ditulis di Laskar Pelangi yang dideskripsikan oleh ikal ( Andrea Hirata )  dan kepintaran Lintang yang tidak masuk akal, seorang anak sd sudah mengenal cincin newton yang baru akan dipelajari oleh… anak kelas 3 SMU pada zaman sekarang, apalagi pada 30 sampai 40 tahun yang lalu saya percaya masih belum begitu kenal dengan ilmu pasti , mana mungkin seorang anak smp sudah mengerti ?

Namun, walaupun terdapat bagian – bagian yang dibesar – besarkan atau terlalu heboh. Buku Novel Laskar Pelangi telah memberikan saya, berbagai motivasi dan nilai – nilai moral yang sangat tinggi, seperti apa yang diajarkan oleh guru – guru sekolah Muhammadiyah bahwa setiap manusia harus saling mengasihi dan menghormati dan harus bertaat kepada orang tua serta bertaqwa kepada Tuhan. Semangat anak – anak sekolah Muhammadiyah yang walau harus menempuh jarak berpuluh – puluh kilometer hanya untuk pergi kesekolah dan tidaklah pernah sekalipun berpikir untuk bolos. Serta kekompakan murid – murid sekolah Muhammadiyah yaitu Lintang, Mahar, Borek / Samson, Kucai, Syahdan, Harun, Flo ( baru masuk ke sekolah Muhammadiyah setelah insiden bahwa Flo hilang dan ditemukan oleh Mahar ), Sahara, Akiong, Trapani dan Ikal ( Andrea Hirata ). Kesepuluh anak tersebut yang kemudian dinobatkan Ibu Mus sebagai Laskar Pelangi.

Buku novel tersebut menceritakan masa – masa pada saat masih sekola di sekolah Muhammadiyah dan apa yang terjadi setelah 12 tahun mereka meninggalkan sekolah Muhammadiyah. Novel tersebut mengandung sangat banyak hal – hal yang seharusnya ditiru oleh anak – anak zaman sekarang.

Novel Laskar Pelangi, novel yang pertama kali saya baca dan sangat mengesankan bagi saya serta sangat bermakna yang bisa memotivasi saya untuk lebih rajin dan menghargai apa yang telah saya miliki.

Mungkin hanya sekedar pendapat yang bisa saya utarakan tentang novel Laskar Pelangi karya Andrea Hirata ini.

Many of us still proud of many kind of cool windows desktop that provide by Windows Vista that already be counted as the Funtastic one… with many kind of functions that previous Microsoft XP that didn’t contained… But for some Gamers should better didn’t use any kind of Microsoft XP nor Vista, Why? Because that Microsoft will make your computer more slowpoke ( slow down )… And some kind of games didn’t support Microsoft Vista,,,

If you just want a simple Software that consist word, excel, access, powerpoint, front page and etc… And you are also a Gamer that don’t want your computer be a slowpoke… I suggest you can use Linux, or just install open Office… That you can found in many place in websites to freely download them…

Why I sugges this two software?

Because there are Free of course… Better than you use Microsoft that you are copy it or buy it from street and not an orginal one…

That will make u ashamed of the pirate one…

So we should start to be conscious to avoid copy or stole something that already protected by LaW, Even Our country Indonesia still didn’t so focus or concentrate of software case… but if We Can found a free and legal one… Why we still have to risk and feel guilty to use the old one?

LinuX and Open Office not only free…

They have many advantage…

Some of that:

1. We neednt risk to break HaKi Law, that we couldn’t afford to buy original one because Expensive and We buy the copy version from street and benefits goes to them…
2. We neednt be afraid when one day our computer is being formatted of some virus because the FOSS can be installed over and over time…
3. FOSS and Linux Being trusted of it security that many kind of virus can be easily detected and cleaned without erase the data…
4. We Neednt install antivirus if we use LinuX that already consist Security so we neednt so exhausted thinking of antivirus will make us computer slow down…
5. If we use the FOSS and LinuX and think it’s better than Microsoft, I think we will introduce it to our other friends to use it too… so we can help other to not let the people sell copy version or pirate software in street because nobody will buy it, because FOSS and LinuX are free…

Maybe there are more information you can get from other site about FOSS or LinuX, but I hope my article will somehow help you more know the benefit of FOSS…

I want to say thank you to The FOSS and LinuX company that already help our world technology improved…

And Thanx to you if u are reading my article^^

Are you still use pirate software? I think you will say, “ of course. “ But… Are you proud of it? Do you satisfy by that kind of software?…

I have some advice to all people in this world, if we want use free software or cheap one… why don’t we use FOSS ( Free Open Source Software ). This kind of software we can download from many kind of website’s…

If you still think it’s so difficult or you kind of mess have to download first, and prefer to buy it from Cd store, with only Rp. 15.000,00 – 30.000,00 you can get a copy version of Microsoft office, Microsoft tools, or some software like that… Why don’t you try to use FOSS that not even waste you a pence. Just need your patience to download it, and help FOSS to share it to all over the world…

By this chance I want to introduce some free software that Quite popular…:

1. OpenOffice Draw
2. Dia
3. Gimpshop
4. InfraRecorder
5. Cinelerra
6. Quanta Plus
7. Partition Image
8. Avidemux
9. Kivio
10. Paint.NET, DLL

With this facilities and of course free, why don’t we try it… if it’s not really suitable with your own style and prefer Microsoft office, you just can re-install it…

Back to FOSS, with my own knowledge to web surfing… I found that many kin om IM that already provide you a program to let you chat ( Yahoo messenger, MsN, other IM ).

I want to share some kind of this Provicer that can let you chat free and download the program…:

1. Morange

2. Agile Messenger

3. Shmessenger

4. Ebuddy

Ooops, I just remember this few program that I usual use, some other program I forgot it…

Im so sorry, …

Lets go Back to the Topic…

Do you feel guilty when you used copy version software like Microsoft office, Automod, or some kind like that…

Don’t you feel sorry to the programmer which already work so hard to create this software and want to earn some profit on it… You the one who use it with free, but the truth they want you to pay but you didn’t afford it just like me, why don’t we use Free Software…

And we wont feel guilty or sorry to anybody…

I suggest a software that already can compete with Microsoft, that is LinuX…

So why don’t you try LinuX the free software?

I hope my suggestion will help this world humans become insane …

XD…

Lets help FOSS be the spot light of all over the worlds…

Tq… For Reading somehow or just feel interested and only read a part of it…

Thank you vErY much…

Man Hua merupakan kata pinyin dari huruf kanji mandarin yang bermakna komik. Arti dari Man Hua yaitu komik menuju ke komik yang dibuat atau diterbit oleh china. Kata Man Hua hampir sama dengan kata Manga yang juga merupakan makna komik yang menuju pengertian komik buatan jepang.

Contoh – contoh komik china :

- Drunken Master

- Buddha’s Palm

- Four Warriors

- Eagle Shooting hero

Made By : Ownerz…

Logic is the study of the principles and criteria of valid inference and demonstration.

As a formal science, logic investigates and classifies the structure of statements and arguments, both through the study of formal systems of inference and through the study of arguments in natural language. The field of logic ranges from core topics such as the study of fallacies and paradoxes, to specialized analysis of reasoning using probability and to arguments involving causality. Logic is also commonly used today in argumentation theory.

Traditionally, logic is studied as a branch of philosophy, one part of the classical trivium, which consisted of grammar, logic, and rhetoric. Since the mid-nineteenth century formal logic has been studied in the context of foundations of mathematics, where it was often called symbolic logic. In Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell attempted to establish logic formally as the cornerstone of mathematics with the publication of Principia Mathematical. However, except for the elementary part, the system of Principia is no longer much used, having been largely supplanted by set theory. As the study of formal logic expanded, research no longer focused solely on foundational issues, and the study of several resulting areas of mathematics came to be called mathematical logic. The development of formal logic and its implementation in computing machinery is the foundation of computer science.

Made by : Ownerz…

In a modern world full with new technology beyond our imagination can help us improve our study and education only by browsing internet.

In a ‘socially mobile learning environment’, it is no longer sufficient to use online learning and teaching technologies simply for the delivery of content to students. A ‘digital literacy’ exists where flexible and mobile technologies must be explored for collaborative and (co)creative purposes, as well as for the critical assessment and evaluation of information. This paper will focus on the educational possibilities of blogs, wikis and RSS feeds. Blogs and wikis are two new content development and management technologies that enable an interactive and intercreative engagement amongst students and between students and teachers. RSS is a technology for syndicating information such as the content of websites. These technologies enable desirable practices such as collaborative content creation, peer assessment, formative evaluation of student work, individual as well as group reflection on learning experiences, and up-to-date information regarding changes in collaborative spaces, and can be used in the development of authentic learning tasks. An overview of each technology will be presented with pragmatic suggestions for their incorporation into the student learning experience.

Made by: Ownerz…

The Pygmy Marmoset (Callithrix (Cebuella) pygmaea) is a monkey native to the rainforest canopies of western Brazil, southeastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador, and eastern Peru. It is one of the smallest primates, and the smallest monkey, with its body length ranging from 14-16 cm (excluding the 15-20 cm tail). Males weigh around 140 g (5 ounces), and females only 120 g (4.2 ounces).

Despite its name, the Pygmy Marmoset is somewhat different from the typical marmosets classified in genus Callithrix. As such, it is accorded its own subgenus, which was formerly recognized as its own genus, Cebuella.

The Pygmy Marmoset has a tawny coat, and a ringed tail that can be as long as its body. Their claws are specially adapted for climbing trees, a trait unique to the species. They are omnivorous, feeding on fruit, leaves, insects, and sometimes even small reptiles. Their small weight allows them to reach the very highest leaves of a tree, and to exploit the otherwise little- used food sources there. Much of their diet, however, comes from tapping trees for sap. Up to two-thirds of their time is spent gouging tree bark to reach the gummy sap. The Pygmy Marmoset has specialized incisors for gouging holes in bark. Unfortunately, because of its small size, and its swift movements, it is very hard to observe in the wild.

In captivity, the Pygmy Marmoset can live up to 11 years.

Made by : Owner…

The Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis), also known as the Komodo Monitor, Komodo Island Monitor, Ora (to the natives of Komodo), or simply Komodo, is a species of lizard that inhabits the islands of Komodo, Rinca, Flores, Gili Motang, and Gili Dasami, in central Indonesia.

A member of the Varanidae, and the clade Toxicofera, the Komodo is the largest living species of lizard, growing to an average length of 2–3 meters (approximately 6.5–10 feet). This great length is attributed to island gigantism, as there are no carnivorous mammals to fill the niche in the islands that they live on, and the Komodo dragon’s low metabolic rate. As a result of their great size, these lizards are apex predators, dominating the ecosystems in which they live.

Komodo dragons were only discovered by Western scientists in 1910. Their large size and fearsome reputation makes them popular zoo exhibits. In the wild their range has contracted due to human activities and they are listed as vulnerable by the IUCN. They are protected under Indonesian law and a national park, Komodo National Park, was founded in order to protect them.

Made by : Ownerzz…